The ruyi (如意, Rúyì), literally “as one wishes” or “everything goes as desired,” is an ancient Chinese symbol of auspiciousness, representing good fortune, success, and the fulfillment of wishes. What began as a simple utilitarian object gradually evolved over centuries into a treasured item of spiritual, social, and artistic value. Its history embodies themes of harmony, authority, and 吉利 (jílì, good luck), reflecting the adaptability and cultural richness of Chinese civilization.
Origins and Evolution
The ruyi originated as a practical tool, emerging as early as the Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE) or earlier. Initially, it served as a scratching implement for hard-to-reach areas of the body, with its name—ruyi—signifying “as one wishes,” a nod to the comfort and satisfaction it provided.
By the Tang and Song dynasties (618–1279 CE), the ruyi had transcended its utilitarian roots, becoming a symbol of refinement and status. Crafted from precious materials such as jade, gold, and ivory, and adorned with auspicious motifs, it was treasured as both an art object and a meaningful gift.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368–1912 CE), the ruyi reached its peak as a cherished object of imperial patronage. Emperors often bestowed elaborately crafted ruyi scepters upon high-ranking officials, military leaders, and esteemed scholars as marks of imperial favor and recognition. In these contexts, the ruyi was not only an emblem of authority but also a blessing for health, longevity, and prosperity. Some were even regarded as talismans, thought to carry spiritual qualities that offered protection and fortune.
Design and Craftsmanship
A traditional ruyi consists of two main components: a curved head and a long, slender handle.
- The head often takes the shape of a 灵芝 (língzhī, “spirit fungus”) mushroom, a cloud motif, or a lotus flower—each symbolizing different auspicious qualities:
- Língzhī: longevity and immortality
- Clouds: prosperity and divine connection
- Lotus: spiritual purity and transcendence
- The handle offers space for elaborate decoration—carvings, engravings, or gemstone inlays. Royal ruyi were frequently made from jade, gold, or silver and decorated with intricate motifs, sometimes inscribed with auspicious phrases or imperial decrees.
While luxurious materials denoted imperial prestige, simpler versions made from bamboo or wood were popular among scholars and commoners as gifts, decorative items, or personal talismans.
Symbolism and Cultural Significance
In imperial China, the ruyi became a potent symbol of authority and harmony. Emperors were often depicted holding a ruyi during formal occasions, signifying both their command over the realm and their wish for a peaceful reign. When given as diplomatic gifts, the ruyi conveyed imperial goodwill, with designs often adapted to suit the recipient’s cultural background.
The head of the ruyi, particularly when shaped like the língzhī mushroom or clouds, also reinforced its association with long life, health, and good fortune. In birthday celebrations and ceremonies honoring elders, it served as a visual blessing for longevity and well-being. In Daoist and folk traditions, the ruyi was sometimes believed to attract positive energy, promote vitality, and safeguard the owner’s future.
Conclusion
From its humble beginnings as a scratching tool to its elevation as a symbol of political legitimacy, spiritual harmony, and auspicious blessings, the ruyi exemplifies the way Chinese culture continuously reinterprets material objects to reflect evolving values.
While not typically an object of direct worship, the ruyi is sometimes incorporated into Daoist altars or feng shui arrangements, where it is believed to enhance positive energy and support success. In contemporary China, it remains a bridge between past and present—preserving traditional symbolism while adapting to modern aesthetic and cultural sensibilities.